ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPRSTU–Z

A to Aegyptus Aello to Agesilaus I Agesilaus II to Akhaia Akhaian to Alkman Alkmene to Anaetius Anakeion to Apaturia Apeliotes to Argos Argus to Arkhidike Arkhilokhos to Astyanax Astydameia to Azov

Anakeion to Apaturia

Anakeion
Anaceion

A name given to temples of the Dioscuri, i.e. Kastor (Castor) and Polydeukes (Polydeuces or Pollux) who were the twin sons of Zeus and Leda.

Anakreon
Anacreon

A Greek poet from the late sixth century BCE; he was originally from the city of Teos, in Asia Minor, but lived in Athens.

Only fragments of his work remain; for the complete collection of his extant poems I suggest the book “7 Greeks” by Guy Davenport (ISBN 0811212882); this book can be found at your library in section 881 or you can order this book through the Book Shop on this site which is linked to Amazon.com.

Anarchy

A modern term derived from the Greek word Anarkhia; the word literally means Without Archon, i.e. without a democratically elected leader of the government.

Anarkhia
Anarchia

A term which refers to the year 404 BCE in which the city of Athens had no Archon, i.e. without a democratically elected leader of the government.

Anarkhia literally means Without Archon; instead of an Archon, the city was ruled by Thirty Tyrants who were elected at the end of the Peloponnesian War (431-404 BCE); the reign of the Thirty Tyrants lasted only one year.

The modern term, anarchy, is derived from Anarkhia and refers to an ungoverned state with the connotation of lawlessness and chaos.

Anatolia

Synonymous with the peninsula of Asia Minor; modern Turkey.

Anauros
Anaurus

A river which flows from Mount Pelion to the Gulf of Pagasai (Pagasae); the river in which Iason (Jason) lost his sandal on his way to Iolkos (Iolcos).

The river Anauros also washed away all traces of the grave of Ares’ son, Kyknos, after he had been killed in battle with Herakles (Heracles); Kyknos had offended Apollon by stealing sacrifices intended for the god and Anauros obliterated Kyknos’ grave at Apollon’s request.

Anax

One of the Giants and the father of Asterios.

Anaxagoras

A Greek philosopher circa 500-428 BCE.

Anaxagoras was originally from Klazomenae (Clazomenae) in Ionia but, at age 40, he went to Athens and became well known to Perikles (Pericles).

Anaxagoras is credited with the concept of Dualism in which Mind and Matter are two different realms of reality; he is also credited with being the first man to explain the nature of solar eclipses.

Anaxagoras was called Nous (Mind) because of his remarkable intellect; he taught that Necessity was the dominating force of the universe and that Chance was an antiquated, superstitious belief that had no logical basis or intellectual foundation.

Anaxandridas II

The fourteenth Agiadai king of the city of Sparta who ruled circa 560-520 BCE.

Sparta traditionally had two kings who ruled jointly; one king was required to be a descendant of king Agis I and the other was required to be a descendant of king Eurypon (respectively known as the Agiadai and the Eurypontidai).

Very little is known about Anaxandridas II and the dates given for his rule are extrapolations and should be used only as approximations.

Anaxandridas I

The eighth Eurypontidai king of the city of Sparta who ruled circa 675-660 BCE.

Sparta traditionally had two kings who ruled jointly; one king was required to be a descendant of king Eurypon and the other was required to be a descendant of king Agis I (respectively known as the Eurypontidai and the Agiadai).

Very little is known about Anaxandridas I and the dates given for his rule are extrapolations and should be used only as approximations.

Anaxandros

The eleventh Agiadai king of the city of Sparta who ruled circa 640-615 BCE.

Sparta traditionally had two kings who ruled jointly; one king was required to be a descendant of king Agis I and the other was required to be a descendant of king Eurypon (respectively known as the Agiadai and the Eurypontidai).

Very little is known about Anaxandros and the dates given for his rule are extrapolations and should be used only as approximations.

Anaxarete

A princess who was turned to stone for scorning the love of a commoner.

Anaxibia (1)

A daughter of Atreus and Aerope; the sister of Agamemnon and Menelaos (Menelaus); the mother of Pylades.

Anaxibia (2)

The wife of the aged Greek hero, Nestor.

Anaxibia (3)

The wife of king Pelias of Iolkos (Iolcos) and the mother of the Argonaut, Akastos (Acastus).

Anaxilas

The tenth Eurypontidai king of the city of Sparta who ruled circa 645-625 BCE.

Sparta traditionally had two kings who ruled jointly; one king was required to be a descendant of king Eurypon and the other was required to be a descendant of king Agis I (respectively known as the Eurypontidai and the Agiadai).

Very little is known about Anaxilas and the dates given for his rule are extrapolations and should be used only as approximations.

Anaximander of Miletus

A Greek astronomer and philosopher at Miletus circa 611-547 BCE; he is credited with the invention of the sundial.

His name is also rendered Anaximandros.

Anaximenes

A sixth century Greek philosopher at Miletus who taught that all material things were derived from air.

Anayros

An ancient river in Thessaly; the name implies a Torrent.

Androgeus

The father of Alkaeus (Alcaeus) and the son of Minos and Pasiphae.

When Androgeus went to the first Panathenaic Games in Athens he attracted the ire of the king, Aegeus, by winning all the prizes; Aegeus had Androgeus killed and Minos waged war on Athens to avenge his son.

Peace was won only with the promise that Athens would send seven young men and seven young women every year to Minos in order to be slain by the ungodly Minotaur; the tradition continued until Theseus killed the Minotaur.

Androktasias
Androktasiai

Slaughters or Manslaughters; the children of Eris (Discord).

Andromakhe (1)
Andromache

The daughter of Eetion, the king of the city of Thebes.

Andromakhe was the wife of Hektor (Hector) and mother of Astyanax; when Andromakhe married Hektor (Hector) she was an orphan because Akhilleus (Achilles) had killed her father, Eetion, and her seven brothers; Akhilleus honored Eetion after murdering him by burning his body without stripping his armor and then piled a burial mound over his remains; the nymphs of the mountains planted elm trees over the mound as a tribute to Eetion.

Andromakhe’s mother was captured by Akhilleus and returned for ransom but Artemis killed her with a shower of arrows.

After the fall of the city of Troy, Astyanax was killed by Akhilleus’ son, Neoptolemus, and Andromakhe was forced into slavery.

After Neoptolemus’ death Andromakhe married one of the surviving sons of Priam, the seer Helenos; they eventually lived in Asia Minor with their son, Pergamum.

Andromakhe (2)
Andromache

A tragedy by Euripides (circa 426? BCE).

The story takes place after the fall of the city of Troy when Andromakhe was forced to become the concubine of Neoptolemus in Thessaly.

Andromakhe was the devoted wife of the slain leader of the Trojan army, Hektor (Hector), and Neoptolemus was the son of the fallen Greek hero, Akhilleus (Achilles), so the relationship was one of pure spite and revenge despite the birth of their son, Molossus.

The childless wife of Neoptolemus plotted to kill Andromakhe and Molossus with the help of the Spartan king, Menelaos (Menelaus); in the end, the mother and son were saved by the intervention of Neoptolemus’ grandfather, Peleus.

The play was produced in Athens in the early part of the Peloponnesian War and portrayed the Spartan king, Menelaos, in a dark and unflattering way due to the hostile Athenian sentiment towards Sparta.

I personally recommend the translations compiled by Richmond Lattimore and David Grene; you can find this and other plays by Euripides in the 882 section of your local library or you can order them from the Book Shop on this site which is linked to Amazon.com.

Andromakhe (3)
Andromache

One of the alternative names given to the queen of the Amazons.

Retrieving the queen’s belt (girdle or cuirass) was one of the Labors of Herakles (Heracles); as the story was passed down, the name of the Amazon queen changed from Andromeda to Andromakhe and finally, Hippolyte.

Andromeda (1)

One of the alternative names given to the queen of the Amazons.

Retrieving the queen’s belt (girdle or cuirass) was one of the Labors of Herakles (Heracles); as the story was passed down the name of the Amazon queen changed from Andromeda to Andromakhe (Andromache) and finally, Hippolyte.

Andromeda (2)

The daughter of the king of the Ethiopians, Kepheus (Cepheus) and his wife, Kassiopeia (Cassiopeia).

Kassiopeia offended the Nereids and, as punishment, Poseidon (lord of the Sea) sent a sea monster to ravage the kingdom; in order to stop the monster’s rampage, it was necessary for Kepheus and Kassiopeia to offer Andromeda as a sacrifice to the monster but before the monster could devour Andromeda, Perseus arrived on the scene and, using the severed head of Medusa, turned the monster to stone.

Now that Andromeda was safe from harm, a man named Phineus and his henchmen tried to kidnap Andromeda; Perseus also used Medusa’s head to turn Phineus and his men to stone; after these dramatic events, Perseus and Andromeda were married.

Andron
Andrus

A son of Anius who was given the power of prophecy by Apollon.

Andros

A large Greek island in the northern Kyklades (Cyclades) Group in the Aegean Sea southeast of the large island of Euboea.

Approximate east longitude 24.42 and north latitude 37.45.

Androthea

The Man-Goddess, i.e. Athene (Athena).

Ankaios (1)
Ancaios

A son of Poseidon (lord of the Sea) who joined the Argonauts and became the helmsman of their ship, the Argo.

The name, Ankaios, may also be rendered as Ankaeus or Ancaeus.

Ankaios (2)
Ancaios

A descendant of Lykurgos (Lycurgus) who was the second strongest man among the Argonauts; Herakles (Heracles) was, of course, the strongest man alive.

The name, Ankaios, may also be rendered as Ankaeus or Ancaeus.

Ankhises
Anchises

The father of Aineias (Aeneas).

While Ankhises was working near his home on the slopes of Mount Ida, Aphrodite (goddess of Love) saw him and became enchanted with his manly beauty; she disguised herself as a mortal and seduced Ankhises; he suspected that she was divine but could not resist her supernatural charms.

Their son, Aineias, was one of the most stalwart of the Trojan allies during the siege of the city of Troy and was under the constant protection of his immortal mother, Aphrodite.

Ankhises stole several of the horses which Zeus had given Tros as compensation for the abduction of Tros’ son, Ganymede; Ankhises bred these horses and gave the offspring to his son, Aineias, to be used as his chariot horses during the siege of Troy.

Annulet

The ring-like molding around the capital of a column.

Antaeus

An African giant who was invincible when in contact with the earth but was lifted off the ground by Herakles (Heracles) and crushed.

Antaios

A Giant son of Poseidon (lord of the Sea) and Gaia (Earth).

When Herakles was on his way to the Garden of the Hesperides as part of his Eleventh Labor, he encountered Antaios in Libya and was forced into a fight.

By all accounts, Antaios was a strong and vicious opponent; in some ancient artwork, Antaios is shown roofing his father’s temple with human skulls (presumably from dead opponents).

Antaios was also thought to be unbeatable if he was in contact with his mother, i.e. Earth; Herakles lifted Antaios off the ground, depriving him of his strength, and defeated him.

Anteia
Stheneboea

A queen of Argos; the wife of Proetus and noted for her role in the banishment of Bellerophontes.

Anteia tried to seduce Bellerophontes and when he refused her advances she lied to her husband and said that Bellerophontes had tried to force his affections upon her; Proetus tried and failed to have Bellerophontes killed.

In The Iliad (book 6, line 150+) she is called Anteia but later versions of the story give her the name of Stheneboea; her father was the ruler of Lykia (Lycia) and is not named in The Iliad but in later times he was called Iobates.

She is also called Antia and, as the wife of Proetus, was the mother of Iphianassa, Iphinoe and Lypsippe.

Anteros

A brother of Eros (god of Love).

Anteros was most often regarded as the avenger of unrequited love.

Anthemoessa

The island of the Sirens; thought to be one of the islands west of Naples off the Italian coast; perhaps Ischia or Capri.

Anthesteria

One of the ancient Athenian festivals composing the Dionysia; a spring festival celebrating flowers and new wine.

Antianeira

The consort of Hermes and daughter of Menetes; her sons were Erytos and Ekhion (Echion).

Antigone (1)

Antigone was one of the unfortunate daughters of king Oedipus of the city of Thebes.

Antigone’s lineage is difficult to explain in ordinary terms because her father was also her brother.

Antigone’s grandfather, Laius, was the king of Thebes and was married to Iokaste (Jocasta); because of offenses Laius had committed in his youth, he was told by the oracle at Delphi that his son would kill him and marry his wife, Iokaste.

When Laius and Iokaste had a son they plotted to kill the child but, through a series of divinely directed events, their infant son, Oedipus, escaped death and was raised in the city of Korinth (Corinth) as the son of king, Polybos.

When Oedipus grew to manhood the oracle at Delphi told him that he was destined to kill his father so he left Korinth and returned to Thebes without realizing that Thebes, not Korinth, was the home of his true mother and father.

On the way to Thebes, Oedipus met Laius on the road and, after an altercation, killed him; Oedipus also encountered the Sphinx on the road to Thebes and after answering her riddle correctly, she killed herself.

When Oedipus arrived in Thebes he was hailed as a hero for outwitting the Sphinx; he became the king of Thebes and, since Iokaste was now a widow, married her without realizing that she was his mother.

Oedipus and Iokaste had four children: Antigone, Ismene, Eteokles (Eteocles) and Polynikes (Polynices); when the children were young adults, Oedipus realized what had happened and that he had, true to the prophecy, killed his father and was now married to his mother.

Iokaste killed herself in shame; Oedipus blinded himself and went into a self-imposed exile; Ismene stayed in Thebes but Antigone went with her father as his guide and companion; Eteokles, as the eldest son, became the king of Thebes and exiled his brother, Polynikes.

After many years of wandering, Oedipus took refuge in the sanctuary of the Eumenides (Furies) near the town of Kolonus (Colonus); Ismene found Oedipus and Antigone in the sanctuary and tried to warn him that Polynikes and Iokasta’s brother, Kreon (Creon), were both seeking his support in the coming confrontation between Eteokles and Polynikes.

Kreon appeared in the sanctuary and kidnapped Ismene and Antigone in order to bring pressure on Oedipus to return to Thebes but the king of Athens, Theseus, rescued the young women before Kreon could make his escape.

Polynikes also came to the sanctuary and pleaded with his father to support his bid for the throne of Thebes; at first, Oedipus refused to acknowledge Polynikes but Antigone persuaded her father to at least listen to his son; Oedipus listened but would not to give Polynikes his blessing.

Soon afterwards, Oedipus died at Kolonus; Polynikes went to Thebes with his armies to depose Eteokles but both brothers were killed in the fray; Kreon decreed that Eteokles would have a proper burial because he had died defending Thebes but Polynikes’ body would be left to the dogs and vultures because he had died in disgrace by attacking his homeland and trying to depose the rightful king.

Antigone sought the help of Ismene so that Polynikes could be buried properly but Ismene would not be a part of any plan that might antagonize Kreon; without Ismene’s help, Antigone defied Kreon and gave her brother a humble but proper burial.

Contrary to the wisdom of the seer, Teiresias, Kreon had Antigone sealed in a cave where she was expected to die of starvation; after appeals from the city elders, Kreon finally relented and decided to give Polynikes a proper burial and release Antigone.

When Kreon arrived at the cave he found that Antigone had hanged herself; Kreon’s son, Haemon, was in love with Antigone and had intended to marry her; Haemon was so distraught that Antigone was dead that he tried, and failed, to kill his father, Kreon, and then, in a fit of anguish, killed himself and died clinging to Antigone’s dead body.

When Kreon returned to the palace he found that his wife, Eurydike (Eurydice), had also taken her own life.

The ages of Antigone and Ismene is a matter of debate; their ages are not clearly given but many scholars believe that Antigone was the youngest simply because her actions seem more impulsive and therefore, more immature.

For the complete telling of this story, read The Theban Plays by Sophokles (Sophocles); I recommend the Penguin Classics version of The Theban Plays translated by E. F. Watling (ISBN 0140440038); you can find these plays at your local library or you can order them through the Book Shop on this site which is linked to Amazon.com.

Antigone (2)

A tragedy by Sophokles (Sophocles) circa 440 BCE.

As the term “tragedy” implies, this play is the story of noble sacrifice and divine punishment; the play is the third of three plays which are sometimes called The Theban Plays and deals with the fate of Oedipus’ daughter, Antigone.

Antigone was a woman of strength and conviction who had to endure a divine punishment that was meted out two generations before she was born.

I personally recommend the Penguin Classics version of The Theban Plays translated by E. F. Watling (ISBN 0140440038); the book includes the three plays dealing with Oedipus and his family: King Oedipus, Oedipus at Colonus and Antigone; you can find this book at your local library or you can order it through the Book Shop on this site which is linked to Amazon.com.

Antigonus II

(319-239 BCE) A king of Makedon (Macedon) from 283-239 BCE; the son of Demetrius I.

Antigonus I

A Makedonian (Macedonian) general under Alexander the Great circa 382-301 BCE.

Antikleia
Anticleia

The mother of Odysseus.

Antikleia died while Odysseus was fighting at the siege of the city of Troy but on his way home, Odysseus saw Antikleia as a “shade” when he evoked the spirits of the Underworld with promises of sacrifices and by pouring a mixture of honey mixed with milk, wine, water, white barley and blood into a pit; the spirits emerged from the land of the dead and the shade of his mother stood before him.

After Antikleia had drunk the bloody mixture in the pit, she conversed with her son and told the sad story of how her misery and loneliness at his absence had finally killed her.

Antikythera

A small island in the Mediterranean Sea northwest of the island of Crete and on the boundary between the Sea of Crete and the Mediterranean Sea.

Antilokhos
Antilochus

A son of Nestor and Eurydike (Eurydice).

Antilokhos was the trusted friend of Akhilleus (Achilles); he was killed at the siege of the city of Troy by “the glorious son of shining Eos (Dawn)”, which is assumed to mean Memnon the Ethiopian.

The name, Antilokhos, may also be rendered as Antilokhus or Antilochos.

Antimakhos (1)
Antimachus

A Greek poet (fl. 410 BCE) from the Greek city of Kolophon (Colophon) in Ionia, Asia Minor; his poems were epic in nature and modeled after the Homeric style; also called The Kolophonian (Colophonian).

The name, Antimakhus, may also be rendered as Antimakhus or Antimachos.

Antimakhos (2)
Antimachus

During the siege of the city of Troy, Odysseus and Menelaos (Menelaus) went to the Trojans under a flag of truce and asked that Helen be returned so that the war could end.

Antimakhos was one of the Trojan advisors who advised that Helen not be surrendered and that the Greek emissaries, Odysseus and Menelaos, be killed; king Priam would not allow the murder of Odysseus and Menelaos and they returned to the Greek encampment unharmed.

When Agamemnon caught the two sons of Antimakhos, Peisandros and Hippolokhos (Hippolochos), on the battlefield they begged for mercy by saying that their father would pay a fortune for their safe return; Agamemnon reminded them that their father wanted to murder his brother, Menelaos, and killed the sons of Antimakhos without hesitation.

The name, Antimakhus, may also be rendered as Antimakhus or Antimachos.

(Iliad, book 11, lines 125+)

Antioch

A modern city in southern Turkey on the Orontes River; the capitol of ancient Syria.

Antiope (1)

The consort of Zeus and the mother of Amphion and Zethos (Zethus).

As with many of the older myths, there is a certain amount of ambiguity as to who was who; in The Odyssey, Antiope is said to be the daughter of the river Asopos (Asopus) and the sister of Sinope but in Argonautika she is said to be the daughter of Nykteus (Nycteus). The poet, Euripides, seems to agree with the version in the Argonautika which makes it easier for the tragic plot to have some bloodshed and revenge.

The story of Antiope and her sons, Amphion and Zethos, was mentioned in The Odyssey where Odysseus encountered her “shade” at the entrance to the Underworld; she explained how Zeus had seduced her and engendered the twins, Amphion and Zethos; the two brothers are credited as the builders of the foundations and bulwarks of the city of Thebes.

In Argonautika, it is clear that Antiope’s father, Nykteus and her uncle, Lykus (Lycus), were both rulers of the city of Thebes and both died as a direct result of Zeus’ relationship with Antiope.

Antiope (2)

A lost tragedy by Euripides that expanded the story of Antiope and her sons, Amphion and Zethos (Zethus).

In the play, Antiope was the daughter of the king of Boeotia; after she was impregnated by Zeus, Antiope fled and gave birth to twin boys, Amphion and Zethos.

Her father Nykteus (Nycteus) killed himself in shame but made his brother, Lykus (Lycus), promise to punish Antiope; Lykus made good his promise and imprisoned Antiope, but when she managed to escape, her sons Amphion and Zethos, now grown men, avenged the harsh treatment of their mother and deposed Lykus and killed his wife Dirke (Dirce) by tying her to the horns of a bull.

I personally recommend the translations compiled by Richmond Lattimore and David Grene; you can find this and other plays by Euripides in the 882 section of your local library or you can order them from the Book Shop on this site which is linked to Amazon.com.

Antiope (3)

The queen of the Amazons also known as Hippolyte.

Antiope was captured by Theseus and became his wife; when the Amazons came to rescue Antiope, she fought with Theseus so that she could stay with him rather than return to her home in Skythia (Scythia).

Antiope and Theseus had a son named Hippolytus; Antiope’s fate is uncertain but her son was denounced by Theseus’ second wife, Phaedra, and killed.

Antipater
Antipatros

(circa 398-319 BCE) A Makedonian (Macedonian) statesman and general; regent of Makedonia from 334-323 BCE; the father of Kassander (Cassander).

Antipater of Sidon
Antipatros

A Greek poet; fl. 100 BCE.

Antiphates

The king of the giant cannibals called the Laistrygones.

When Odysseus and his fleet of ships anchored in a narrow harbor, three men went ashore to look for the king of the land; the three scouts were led to the house of Antiphates by his daughter.

Antiphates snatched up one of the men and began to prepare him as dinner; the other two men raced back to the ships to warn Odysseus but before the ships could escape the harbor, thousands of Laistrygones mounted the cliffs and began pelting the ships with man-sized boulders; the ships were broken to pieces and the men were speared like fish by the Laistrygones; Odysseus and his crew were the only ones to escape the harbor.

The name Antiphates might be translated as Unspeakable.

Antiphonos
Antiphonus

One of the sons of the last king of the city of Troy, Priam.

After Priam’s favorite son, Hektor (Hector), had been killed defending Troy, he berated his nine remaining sons for being wicked and worthless; Antiphonos was one of these sons.

Whether the old king spoke in desperate sorrow or from his heart is impossible to tell.

Antiphos

A Greek commander who sailed from the city of Troy with Odysseus and was devoured by the cyclops, Polyphemos (Polyphemus).

Aoide
Aoede

One of the original three Muses; her name literally means Song.

Aosphoros

The daughter of Eos (Dawn); the Morning-Star that we call Venus; also called Eosphoros.

Apate

The personification of Trick or Deception; a daughter of Nyx (Night).

Apaturia

An annual festival at Athens where the older youths were enrolled in the “fratra,” i.e. a brotherhood or fraternity.

Anakeion to Apaturia

A to Aegyptus Aello to Agesilaus I Agesilaus II to Akhaia Akhaian to Alkman Alkmene to Anaetius Anakeion to Apaturia Apeliotes to Argos Argus to Arkhidike Arkhilokhos to Astyanax Astydameia to Azov

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPRSTU–Z


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